Which countries import PV from Oceania?

Asia doubles its share in Oceania's PV imports and becomes Oceania's most important partner with a whopping share of 95.54%. This is also reflected in South America and Africa, whose destinations of PV trade flows have been significantly shifted to Asia after 2014.

What is the spatial structure of PV cells international trade?

Nodes (countries and regions) and routes (trade flows) are two major metrics for the spatial structure of the PV cells international trade. Demand and supply of PV cells take place in each individual node. Consequently, the interactions amongst nodes are responsible for the formation of routes.

How many dumping and import taxes are imposed on solar PV?

Since 2011, the number of antidumping, countervailing and import duties levied against parts of the solar PV supply chain has increased from just 1 import tax to 16 duties and import taxes, with 8 additional policies under consideration. Altogether, these measures cover 15% of global demand outside of China.

Why is international trade important for PV cells?

Through the interaction of spatial patterns of PV cells international trade flow, the associations among regions have been strengthened and the development opportunities of PV industry have been expanded. This will also intensify the level of competition.

Which country imports the most PV products in the world?

For PV product trade inflows, East Asia is also the largest importer region, with US$13.29 billion or ~34.39% of the global total, followed by Southeast Asia (US$7.64 billion, 19.76%) and Europe (US$6.81 billion, 17.62%). China, the USA and Japan are the top 3 importing countries, accounting for 31.60% of the global total aggregately.

Is polysilicon a bottleneck for solar PV?

Global capacity for manufacturing wafers and cells, which are key solar PV elements, and for assembling them into solar panels (also known as modules), exceeded demand by at least 100% at the end of 2021. By contrast, production of polysilicon, the key material for solar PV, is currently a bottleneck in an otherwise oversupplied supply chain.